The positive controls were 0.1, 1 and 10 mM arbutin and 10, 25, 40 and 50 M kojic acid
Touching vial tops with bare hands introduces bacteria
17 Improved VO2 Max, time to fatigue, perception of fatigue, and endurance performance
It is particularly effective when combined with another topical prescription medication, tretinoin, to enhance its absorption (and means that it can be applied once daily versus the normal twice daily application, and without the use of microneedle devices)
Preliminary evidence suggests supplementation with nutrients such as probiotics and prebiotics, omega-3 fatty acids from fish, vitamins D and K, and the minerals zinc and selenium may support kidney health as well