PPAR is a major transcriptional regulator of fatty acid oxidation and extended PPAR activation causes HCC in rodent mice by mechanisms that involve perturbation of the cell cycle and production of ROS [reviewed by Michalik et al
The following diagram outlines the key stages of this process
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however, the second MPTP dose further exacerbated gut dysbiosis and gut barrier dysfunction, possibly further implicating the microbiota as a modifier of developing PD (Xie et al., 2020)
These findings were further corroborated by Western blot analysis, in which we observed increased -H2AX expression, decreased pNPM1 (T199) protein levels and increased expression of autophagosome LC3A/B proteins (Fig