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Here's the real challenge, and we can't stress this enough: spinal discs have a terrible blood supply

Asarani NAM, Reynolds AN, Boucher SE, de Bock M, Wheeler BJ

Many carry the same names as prescription drugs (semaglutide, tirzepatide, retatrutide) but with none of the quality controls

The results were striking: Genes upregulated by GHK-Cu include: Collagen I, III, and VII synthesis genes (structural repair) Decorin and proteoglycan genes (extracellular matrix integrity) Antioxidant defense genes (SOD2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) BDNF and nerve growth factor genes (neural repair and neuroprotection) Anti-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-10, TGF-1) Angiogenesis genes (VEGF, angiopoietin new blood vessel formation) Stem cell self-renewal pathways Genes downregulated by GHK-Cu include: Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-, IL-6, IL-1) Matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3 (enzymes that degrade collagen and connective tissue) Oxidative stress genes Pathways associated with cancer progression and metastasis The pro-inflammatory gene suppression is particularly notable

doi:10.2174/1381612826666200212114038

However, another report demonstrated mitochondrial stress and bioenergetics defects in GPx1 null mice ( Figure 3 ), and hence plays a key role in protecting phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and cardiolipin and defense against apoptosis and maintenance of ETC and OXPHOS ( + / - cells are sensitive to oxidative stress triggers (Muller et al., 2007)