There are different ways to go about lightening the skin to diminish the appearance of hyperpigmentation and dark spots
The most familiar ones are vitamin C, vitamin E, beta-carotene, and other related carotenoids, along with the minerals selenium and manganese
10.1007/s10337-015-2981-0 33 SatohS.KagayaH.SaitoM.InoueT.MiuraM.InoueK.et al (2008)
10.1111/jne.12155 J
When acetylcarnitine is injected directly into the brain, most of the acetyl groups were metabolized, as 60% of the injected acetylcarnitine was recovered as exhaled 14 CO 2 after 22 h, and the percentage recovered in the brain was 1.9, 1.6, 1.3, and 0.9% at 1, 3, 6, and 22 h, respectively [109]
The good news is that most are mild and short-lived