The foundational patent work by Harding et al
In erythrocytes, these reactions prevent oxidative damage through the reduction of methemoglobin and peroxides
Long H, Zhu W, Wei L, Zhao J
L-Carnitine admin normalizes the redox state of the brain (perhaps by incr the avail of beta-hydroxybutyrate and/or acetyl-L-carnitine to the brain), and it incr the rate of urea synth in the liver, perhaps in part by activation of the glucocorticoid receptor
Research-grade material is intended for in-vitro studies, assay development, and pre-clinical animal-model work conducted in qualified laboratory settings
Perhaps more importantly, the study observed a 100% increase in glutathione levels within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (immune cells)